Wide hybridization and introgression breeding in safflower: Effectiveness of different selection methods

Possibility of using interspecific hybridization to increase genetic diversity of drought tolerance in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and effectiveness of different selection methods is poorly understood. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of (a) interspecific hybridization to expand genetic diversity in safflower for agronomic traits and drought tolerance in advance generations and (b) different selection methods (direct vs. indirect) for improving seed yield. Interspecific hybridizations were performed between species of C. tinctorius × C. palaestinus (TP), C. palaestinus × C. oxyacantha (PO) and C. tinctorius × C. oxyacantha (TO). Based on the field screening of genotypes in F3 generation, four groups of selected genotypes (derived from combination of direct and indirect selection under both drought and normal environments along with selection based on drought tolerance index (STI)) were evaluated in F4 and F5 generations. Indirect selection for seed yield was significantly more efficient than direct selection. Selection in stress environment resulted to more efficiency than selection in normal environment. No significant difference was observed between direct selection and selection based on STI. The result showed that TP was the best population to combine high seed yield and drought tolerance in safflower.     

杉木全同胞家系的遗传分析及重要树冠因子的筛选

通过对5年生杉木6×6全双列杂交(Griffing Ⅲ)试验林的调查与分析，研究杉木若干性状的遗传与变异规律，并筛选决定理想株型的重要树冠结构因子，为杂交育种和杉木理想株型无性系选育提供科学依据。运用转化分析法来处理不平衡试验数据，结合配合力分析法、相关分析法和通径分析法,研究杉木遗传变异、基因作用方式和重要树冠因子的选择。通过对杉木若干性状进行研究，获得了不同性状遗传变异大小。结果表明，杉木材积、枝下高和饱满度等性状具有中度遗传变性，树高、胸径具有窄的遗传变异性，同时杉木改良性状具有中度以上的遗传力，因此杉木生长形质性状宜采用连续多世代改良；在杉木生长、形质性状和树冠结构性状中，12个研究性状有8个重要性状的基因作用方式以非加性遗传基因效应为主，杉木高世代育种亲本是多世代与高强度选择的产物,杂合体居多,杉木的多性状、高世代遗传改良以杂交育种为主；生长、形质和树冠结构性状间具有明显的遗传相关性，通径分析揭示:决定杉木理想株型育种中重要树冠结构性状是冠形率和树冠表面积大小。由此可见:杉木多性状、多世代连续改良以杂交育种为主，杉木无性系理想株型选择时，应注重冠形率和树冠表面积的作用。     

不同年龄杉木无性系交配的研究

分别于 1 982、1 989和 1 991年 3次开展了老龄杉木无性系和杉木优良无性系互作为父母本的析因交配试验 ,共获得了 5 8个交配组合 ,利用 3片子代测定林历年的调查资料 ,进行了方差分析、数量遗传分析等 ,在此基础上初步提出了利用老龄杉木无性系作交配亲本时最好以杉木优良无性系作母本、老龄杉木无性系作为父本 ;选出建 3 6、王台老龄杉木、闽清 1老龄杉木和尤溪老龄杉木无性系 4个优良的杉木交配母本 ,建 3 6、三 67和闽清 1老龄杉木无性系 3个优良的杉木交配父本 ;通过综合分析、评价 ,从参试的 5 8个交配组合中选出各年都表现好的三 5 4×闽 1、王台×三 66、闽 1×锦 8、闽 2×建 3 6、闽 1×三 67、尤溪×三 67等 6个交配组合 ,增产效果显著 ,这些优良交配组合既可作为杉木高世代种子园的建园材料 ,也可以通过群体无性化 ,提高繁殖系数 ,供生产应用 ,还可以作为高世代育种材料。     

Genetics of resistance to 3 isolates of Ascochyta fabae on Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in controlled conditions

Summary Genetics of resistance to Ascochyta fabae Speg. in Vicia faba L. was studied with a final objective to develop resistant faba bean varieties to Ascochyta blight. The study was conducted separately on 3 single spore isolates (AF10-2 and AF13-2 from Tunisia and AF4-3 from France) and belonging to different groups of virulence (GV1 and GV2). Important general combining ability (GCA) effects were found especially with isolates AF10-2 and AF4-3. Specific combining ability (SCA), although significant for the 3 isolates, was important only with AF13 -2, but less important than GCA. Additive gene effects were predominant to non-additive effects. Lines 29H and A8817 transmitted to their progenies resistance to the 3 isolates, whereas 14–12 and 19TB conferred resistance to their progenies only with isolates AF13-2 and AF4-3, respectively. In the material studied, resistance was generally controlled by dominant genes but also could be attributed to recessive genes although less frequent. Analysis of segregation in the F2 of 2 crosses between the resistant lines (A8817 and 29H) and the susceptible line (14–12) with isolate AF4-3 revealed dominant monogenic control at the level of leaves in the 2 resistant lines and, in addition, a recessive gene controlling resistance of stems. Non-allelic interactions were occasionally manifested and their origin appeared to be due to line 19TB. A recurrent selection scheme was proposed with the objective to develop improved open-pollination populations and synthetic varieties responding to the objective of the national Tunisian research programme on faba bean.     

糯玉米籽粒体积双列杂交分析

为了解糯玉米自交系籽粒体积性状配合力表现及体积性状世代间遗传规律,指导大粒型杂交组合选配及自交系改良,通过选用生产上推广的杂交种亲本及本单位选育的自交系共10份,按完全双列杂交配制组合,随机区组种植于大田,籽粒完熟晒干对体积进行测定,用Griffing IV方法对数据进行处理,研究杂交组合间籽粒体积变化规律。结果表明:籽粒体积性状一般配合力效应在亲本间存在显著差异,S10一般配合力最好,S6一般配合力最低。特殊配合力效应在组合间差异显著。控制籽粒体积性状的基因狭义遗传力较低(hn2=12.55%),遗传效应中显性效应(VD=1.5398)大于加性效应(VA=0.7949)。试验表明:育种上针对籽粒体积性状选择,自交系应晚代选择为主,组合根据体积表现结合育种目标直接选择。     

Inheritance of resistance to Didymella lycopersici Klebb. in tomato (Lycopersicon Mill.)

Summary The inheritance of the resistance to Didymella lycopersici was studied on F₃- and Bc₁-lines from interspecific crosses of L. esculentum with L. hirsutum and with L. hirsutum glabratum. The resistance is not monogenic and is inherited in dominant fashion. The high h² values based on line means offer possibilities to seleet efficiently for enhanced levels of resistance.     

低酚陆地棉育种亲本配合力的研究

选择８个现代低酚陆地棉育种亲本（包括４个高酚棉和４个低酚棉品种），按４×４不完全双列杂交设计，对１６个组合的Ｆ×进行了双列分析。结果表明，在所研究的１０个性状中，子棉产量、皮棉产量和纤维整齐度主要受非加性基因控制，单铃重、衣分、比强度、２．５％跨长和麦克隆值则主要由加性基因控制，衣指由加性和非加性基因共同控制，而子指受环境的影响较大；在大多数性状上，高酚棉亲本的加性遗传方差比低酚棉亲本贡献大，而在２．５％跨长和麦克隆值２个性状上，低酚棉亲本的加性遗传方差起着更重要的作用；中７８８６是综合性状比较理想的亲本材料，冀合２２５是较好的高产亲本，冀无２５２和中无１５１是较好的优质低酚棉亲本。综合一般配合力和特殊配合力分析结果，组合中７８８６×冀无２５２可具较好的育种潜力。     

Expected selection efficiency for resistance to cacao pod rot (Phytophthora palmivora) comparing leaf disc inoculations with field observations

Summary A genetic analysis of resistance of cacao to Phytophthora palmivora was carried out in a 5 × 5 diallel and in a 4 × 2 NC II factorial design, involving cross-progenies and parental clones planted in the nursery and field, respectively. Resistance was scored in the laboratory by inoculation of leaf discs with P. palmivora spores with four replicates and, for the factorial design, results were compared with the percentage of rotten pods in the field assessed over a seven-year period. Significant differences between genotypes were observed for both laboratory and field evaluation methods. For the laboratory test, no reciprocal effect was observed and plant effects within seedling progenies were more significant than plant effects within clones. General combining ability was the main source of variation but specific combining ability was also significant for the leaf disc test applied to the diallel. Heritabilities increased with the number of replicates, reaching values of 0.34 and 0.67 for narrow sense heritability, and 0.60 and 0.67 for broad sense heritability, for the diallel and the factorial design, respectively. These values were higher than observed for the percentage of rotten pods in the field in the factorial design (0.42 and 0.47, respectively). For the leaf test, the expected genetic gains were around 30% with a selection intensity of 5%. The existence of significant genetic (0.71) and phenotypic (0.39) coefficients of correlation between resistance on leaves and percentage of rotten pods in the field in the factorial design confirms the feasibility of using the leaf disc test for early selection of resistance to Phytophthora pod rot of cacao.     

Genetic Variability for Grain Yield and Protein Content in Barley and Its Modification by Net Blotch

Protein content, yield and 1000-grain weight of healthy and net blotch-diseased plants were studied in a diallel cross programme concerning nine different varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). F₁ hybrids and their parents were grown in the field in two randomized block design experiments each with three replications (three inoculated and three non-inoculated plots). General and specific combining abilities were determined for yield, protein percentage, 1000 grain weight, protein yield, and non-protein yield. A high genetic variability for the traits studied was observed. Non-protein yield and 1000-grain weight decreased significantly in inoculated plants where protein yield was not affected. Significant general and specific combining abilities were observed for all traits. Values for general and specific combining abilities were, in some cases, significantly modified by net blotch of barley. This indicates that attention must be paid to the danger of drawing conclusions in quantitative genetics studies dealing with both diseased and healthy plants.     

Heredity of Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Measured by Artificial Infections

Genetic Variability for Some Brewing Quality Characters in Barley Malting and brewing quality of six different barley genotypes and their F1 hybrids were investigated in a diallel cross programme. Plants were grown in pots in a randomized block design with four replications. General and specific combining abilities were determined for 1000 grain weight, percentage of proteins of the grain, percentage of water uptake, and, after micromalting, for β-glucanase and α-amylase activities. Significant general and specific combining abilities were observed for all the traits studied. 1000 grain weight, percentage of proteins and water uptake have been found to be essentially controlled by genetic additive effects, while enzymatic activities of malt have been found to be mostly controlled by dominance effects. ‘Karl’ has interesting characteristics for all traits and general combining abilities, except for 1000 grain weight, and has been introduced in a three-way cross programme with ‘Plaisant’ and ‘Clarine’, also showing interesting values for malting quality and productivity.